Arthralgia Definition

It is a general medical term that is used to denote pain in one or more joints of the body. The word comes from a merger of two Greek terms – “arthro” meaning “joint” and “algos” standing for “pain”.

The condition is also known as “Joint Pain” or “Joint Stiffness”.

Arthralgia ICD9 Code

The ICD9 Code for Arthralgia is 719.4.

Migratory Arthralgias

This is a specific condition that gives rise to pain in the joints. The condition may lead to painful symptoms in various joints of the body at different points of time. This makes patients feel as if the pain is shifting from one joint to another.

The condition is sometimes also referred to as “Migrating Arthralgias.”

Patellofemoral Arthralgia

It is a common condition that affects the Patellofemoral joints. It is frequently observed in athletes. The syndrome is marked by discomforting sensations or pain that seems to arise from the contact of the femur (thigh bone) with the back of the kneecap (posterior patellar surface). The disease is well known in the field of sports medicine.

TMJ Arthralgia

This is a rare condition that involves internal joint derangement. It arises when joints of the jaw and the muscles (that are used in grinding teeth or chewing) fail to act in coordination with each other. This is a painful disorder that mainly develops in individuals with

• Malocclusion (poor bite)
• Accidental damage to face or jaw bones
• Habits such as grinding or clenching the teeth (Bruxism)

Such problems put the muscles under stress. Occasionally, it also arises in people suffering from craniomandibular conditions and disorders like Arthritis. The disease leads to highly discomforting symptoms, such as:

• Chronic postural head tilting
• Facial asymmetry
• Tenderness and pain of the jaw muscles and various neck and facial muscles
• Grinding and clicking sounds during jaw movement
• Irregular or limited jaw movement
• Tenderness in front of the ear auricle

The condition is usually treated by a combination of medical and dental therapy. Acute cases are resolved through hot compresses, soft diet, anti-inflammatory medications and in some cases – muscle relaxants.

Arthralgia Symptoms

The condition is characterized by a pain. Its intensity varies from person to person and is described as dull, sharp, burning, throbbing or stabbing. The degree of this pain varies from mild to severe. The pain usually extends along a single nerve or a cluster of nerves. In acute cases, especially those that result from injuries, symptoms can include:

• Tissue damage
• Profuse bleeding
• Acute joint pain
• High fever, with body temperature higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit

Arthralgia Causes

The condition is primarily caused by a swelling of the body joints. It may also result from other causes, such as:

• Injuries
• Infection
• Arthritis
• Autoimmune conditions
• Disorders, such as measles, hepatitis or flu that make the joints sore and stiff

Arthralgia may also be caused due to Rheumatoid arthritis, a disorder in which the immune system falsely attacks tissues of healthy joints. This leads to severe, constant joint pain. The painful symptoms may arise in many areas of the body.

The problem can also arise due to Osteoarthritis, a disease that involves chronic degeneration of cartilage in the body joints. The cartilage and bone tissue wears down over a period of time, causing acute pain. The disease mainly affects older people. It may also occur due to a combination of general wear-and-tear and genetics. The pain can drastically reduce the ability of a person to enjoy daily activities.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), a type of autoimmune disorder, can also be a possible cause for this form of joint pain. The condition may affect different regions of the body. The disease occurs when the immune system makes an abnormal response to the cells and tissues of a patient. Due to this reason, the tissues swell and suffer damage.

Some other possible causes of Arthralgia can include any of the following:

• Bursitis
• Crohn’s disease
• Osteomyelitis
• Osteosarcoma
• Fibromyalgia
• Gout
• Lyme disease
• Scleroderma
• Multiple myeloma
• Cancers, which metastasize to bones

Arthralgia Diagnosis

The diagnosis of this condition involves asking patients about their symptoms and daily lifestyle. It also includes carrying out physical tests. Patients are asked several medical questions to help doctors narrow down the possible causes. This can help doctors use appropriate medical tests and lab examinations for diagnosis. Patients may also be asked about whether they are experiencing symptoms like rashes, light sensitivity, dry mouth. Doctors may also try to check whether patients have a history of seizures.

People experiencing severe Arthralgia should pay a visit to a primary healthcare provider to get proper diagnosis and treatment. Computerized tomography scans and X-rays can help detect the actual degree of tissue damage.

Arthralgia Treatment

The treatment of this disorder depends on the specific underlying cause. The remission of the condition depends on the pace at which the underlying disease is treated and made to resolve. Based on the underlying cause, physicians may prescribe antibiotics, pain relievers (of high-strength) or arthritis medications to patients. In more severe cases, patients may require wearing of a sling or brace to immobilize the impacted joint until it fully heals. If tissue damage is substantial, the patient may be recommended an operative treatment that can repair the joint or replace a section of it.

Doctors usually recommend use of home remedies to manage minor cases of this condition. Home care depends on the underlying cause and usually involves taking warm baths or icing the joint. Patients may be asked to limit their activities (especially those that involve the affected joints) or carry out stretching exercises. If deemed as appropriate, drugs available over-the-counter may be used to lower pain and inflammation.

In some cases, patients may find relief through physical therapy. Swelling in the joints is commonly alleviated by use of steroid injections. If doctors find it necessary, they may perform a process known as joint aspiration (Arthrocentesis) to remove fluid from the affected joint. Casting or surgery may be required to cure Arthralgia caused by a broken bone. If the condition occurs due to a joint infection, surgery may be needed to resolve the infection with antibiotics being used as follow-ups.

Arthralgia Home Remedies

As aforementioned, minor cases of this disorder resolve with basic home remedies. Rest is one of the main treatment options that can heal affected joints naturally. Allowing proper rest to the impacted joint lets the underlying tissues to heal from within. Other home remedies include:

• Application of ice
• Limiting activities
• Massaging
• Applying warm, moist compress over the joint

Arthralgia Natural Treatment

The natural treatment for Arthralgia involves use of:

Flaxseed

The seed of flax plant is famous for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Consuming a tablespoon of flaxseed for three times a day helps alleviate pain in joints.

Cinnamon powder

Mix half teaspoon of cinnamon powder with one tablespoon of honey. Consume this daily in the morning, before breakfast. This works as a powerful remedy for joint pain.

Epsom salt

Epsom salt is rich in magnesium and is highly effective against joint pain. Mix 3 tablespoons of Epsom salt with similar amount of fresh lemon juice. Pour the mixture into a cup of warm water and drink the solution every morning to reduce pain.

Arthralgia Complications

If left untreated, this disease may give rise to acute complications. These involve:

• Disability
• Amputation
• Lack of ability to carry out daily tasks
• Acute infections
• Gangrene
• Pain or serious discomfort
• Spread of infection
• Spread of cancer
• Apparent deformity of the impacted joint

The risk of such complications can be minimized by consulting a health care professional and following the specific treatment plan devised for you.

Arthralgia Prognosis

The prognosis of this disorder depends on three factors:

• The underlying problem that acts as the cause of the condition
• Whether the condition is acute or chronic
• How the condition or its underlying cause is treated

When Arthralgia arises due to fibromyalgia, lupus, polymyalgia or rheumatoid arthritis, it usually shows favorable response when the underlying disease is successful treated with immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory or disease-modifying drugs. If the condition results from a chronic cause, patients are likely to suffer from occasional flare-ups, persistence or recurrence of the disease. Surgery, if conducted, is needed to resolve a particular problem such as joint damage resulting from rheumatoid arthritis or osteo- arthritis. The success rate of treatment of the condition depends on its nature and severity as well as how the curative process is performed. Arthralgia, resulting from severe arthritis of the knee and hip, can be very successfully treated by joint replacement.

If you or anyone in your family is suffering from symptoms of Arthralgia, you should seek medical care on an immediate basis. Treatment is particularly necessary in case of recurrence of symptoms or acute symptoms like high fever or severe joint pain. Early treatment can help do away with these problems much faster and get back to health within a short time.

References:

http://www.bettermedicine.com/article/arthralgia

http://www.healthcentral.com/encyclopedia/408/130.html?ic=506048

http://www.news-medical.net/health/Arthralgia-What-is-Arthralgia.aspx

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm

What is Molloscum?

It is the abbreviated term for Molloscum Contagiosum. It is a skin rash characterized by the development of round, elevated bumps on the skin surface.

Picture 1 – Molloscum Contagiosum

The condition is often simply referred to as MC.

Molloscum ICD9 Code

The ICD9 Code for Molloscum is 078.0.

Molloscum Incidence

This is a common worldwide disease and accounts for 1% of all skin conditions in the United States. It mainly affects boys more than girls. It is primarily visible in children and young adults. Unfortunately, the prevalence of this skin condition is on a rise.

Molloscum Symptoms

The condition typically gives rise to discomforting papules on the skin surface. These are initially small and painless. In the later stages, these usually turn into nodules having a fleshy, pearly appearance. The nodules often have a slight depression or dimple in the middle. The nodules may arise in a line in skin regions that have been scratched by the patient. Skin irritation, caused by scratching or any other similar activity, can make the virus spread in a line or in clusters. When arising in groups, these viral papules are referred to as “crops”.

The papules vary from 2-5 mms in width. The lesions commonly arise on various regions of the body, such as

• Face
• Neck
• Armpit
• Arms
• Hands

In adults, these may develop on the abdomen, genitals and the inner thigh. The papules may arise on any region of the human body, excluding the palms and the soles. Generally, there is no swelling or subsequent redness in the hickeys until they are scratched or digged.

What causes Molloscum?

The condition results from a viral infection. It usually arises due to a virus that belongs to the Poxvirus family. The infection can be contracted in a number of ways, like:

Direct contact

A healthy child can contract the infection if he comes in direct contact with a Molloscum papule.

Indirect contact

The infection can also arise through contact of the skin with contaminated objects, such as clothes, toys and towels.

Sexual contact

The virus can spread during sexual contact and give rise to lesions on the genitalia. Initially, Molloscum papules on the genital may be confused for warts or herpes lesions. Unlike herpes, however, the lesions can be painless.

Having a weakened immunity can also make a person susceptible to this condition. Patients of AIDS can suffer from a rapidly deteriorating case of Molloscum Contagiosum due to a severely weakened immune system.

Is Molloscum Contagious?

The condition is caused by viral infection. Naturally, it spreads from person to person and is contagious in nature. However, it remains as long as the bumps persist on the skin surface. Direct contact with these lesions or indirect contact with objects contaminated by these papules can give rise to the condition.

Molloscum Diagnosis

The diagnosis of these lesions is based on their physical appearance. In most cases, medical tests are not required. If diagnosis becomes confusing, a slide examination of the core of a lesion can be used for diagnosis. Although the virus cannot be cultured in routine procedures, an excisional biopsy can help confirm its presence.

Molloscum Differential Diagnosis

This skin disease resembles warts, infections, skin cancers and many other skin conditions. The differential diagnosis of Molloscum aims at distinguishing it from disorders like:

• Acquired reactive perforating dermatosis of renal failure
• Cutaneous aspergillosis
• Cutaneous cryptococcus
• Cutaneous coccidioidomycosis
• Cutaneous histoplasmosis
• Eccrine poroma
• Epidermal cyst
• Flat warts (verruca plana)
• Foreign body granuloma
• Keratoacanthoma
• Kyrle disease
• Lichen planus
• Pyoderma
• Perforating serpiginous elastoma
• Perforating folliculitis
• Perforating granuloma annulare
• Verruca vulgaris (warts)
• Verrucous perforating collagenoma

Molloscum Treatment

It is not always compulsory to seek treatment for this condition. In people with normal immune system, the papules often go away naturally within a few months to a few years. Unless infected by bacteria, these heal without leaving scars on the skin. However, people with a compromised immune system (due to underlying conditions such as AIDS) can suffer from a rapidly deteriorating case of MC. Treatment is absolutely necessary in such cases.

Treatment options for these skin papules can be non-invasive as well as invasive.

Non-invasive Treatment

The lesions can be effectively removed with medications that are used to remove warts. However, these can lead to the formation of blisters that may result in temporary discoloration of the skin. Imiquimod or Tretinoin cream may be prescribed for cure. Cantharidin, commonly known as “beetle juice,” is the most commonly used solution for treating the lesions.

Invasive Treatment

Invasive cure includes surgical removal of individual lesions through needle electrosurgery or by freezing and de-coring scraping. The most popular surgical treatments involve removal using heat (called cautery), removal by freezing using liquid nitrogen (known as Cryotherapy) or by scraping of the lesions (known as Curettage). However, surgical removal of the individual lesions may lead to formation of scars in the operated spots.

Molluscum Home Remedy

In some cases, natural home remedies are seen to be quite effective in curing these skin papules. These include:

Sea Salt Scrub

Make a homemade solution by combining 2 cups of sea salt with 1/2 cup of olive oil, 1/4 cup of grape seed oil, 2 drops of essential tea tree oil and 1 tablespoon of honey. Store this in a glass jar to last for several months. As you shower, massage this scrub gently into the papules. Let the mixture settle into the skin for 1-2 minutes. Rinse this off with clear water. Use a clean towel to pat the skin dry.

Duct Tape

This is a common home remedy for skin bumps and warts. Cut a very small strip of duct tape and paste it at night over the skin region with bumps. Leave the tape for a few hours and remove it in the morning. After a few days, you will find the bump has resolved. Duct tape slowly removes dead skin from the wart and eradicates the wart virus residing in the skin.

Molloscum Complications

The complications of this disorder mainly include:

• Persistence of lesions
• Spread of lesions
• Recurrence of lesions
• Secondary bacterial skin infections
• Scarring (in case of excessive scratching or surgery)

In some cases, the papules can become red and swollen and give rise to a condition known as Molluscum Dermatitis. This is supposed to arise due to an immune response to the infection. In some patients, conjunctivitis can develop if the lesions arise on the eyelids.

Molloscum Prognosis

The condition has an excellent prognosis. The disease is self-limited in most cases. In some cases, however, individual lesions may remain for 6-18 months before disappearing. This usually occurs in people with a suppressed immune system. In healthy people, individual lesions generally go away in about 2 – 3 months.

Molloscum in Children

Molloscum is a common skin problem in children and mainly affects boys. A child can contract it through direct contact with other children. He or she may also get it by touching the toys, towels or clothes that have come in contact with the infected skin area of other kids suffering from the condition. The disease leads to tiny, hard bumps on the skin that can become red, white, pink or flesh-colored in appearance. The bumps mainly arise on the skin over the face, neck, arms, armpits, hands and over the waist. These can be treated by medicated creams, Cryotherapy, Curettage and Laser treatment.

The condition can be prevented by inculcating good hygiene into your children and teaching them to wash hands frequently with soap and water. They should also be taught not to share towels, clothes or other personal items with their friends.

Molloscum Prevention

The condition can be prevented by:

• Avoiding direct contact with the papules
• Not sharing towels or other objects with other individuals
• Following good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
• Swimming in pools with chlorinated water

You can also prevent the condition by avoiding sex. Abstinence from physical intimacy can help you prevent molluscum virus as well as other sexually transmitted disorders (STD). You may also avoid this viral infection by having sexual relationship with an uninfected partner. Although condoms cannot offer full protection, they can decrease the chances of getting STDs or spreading them. Naturally, it is recommended for you to use condoms every time you have sex with a new partner.

Molloscum Contagiosum Pictures

Check out these Molloscum images to know how these skin bumps look like. These Molloscum photos will help you get an exact idea about the type of papules caused by this condition.

Picture 2 – Molloscum Image

Picture 3 - Molloscum Contagiosum Photo

If you suspect yourself to be having symptoms of molluscum infection, get in touch with your health care provider. Medical treatment is particularly recommended if you suffer from new symptoms or if your lesions spread or persist. Timely treatment can help you recover from the condition much faster and go about your daily work without nagging health issues.

References:

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/910570-overview

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/molluscum_contagiosum/article_em.htm

http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/molluscum-contagiosum-topic-overview

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/molluscum-contagiosum/DS00672

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001829/

It refers to involuntary twitching or muscular spasms in the eyelids. It makes a person blink in an uncontrolled way. The condition is also known by other names like

• Benign Essential Blepharospasm
• Hemifacial Spasm
• Eye Spasms
• Myokymia

Eyelid Twitching Names

The condition is also known by several other names, such as:

• Eye twitch
• Eyelid spasm
• Blepharospasm

Eyelid Twitching Symptoms

As its name indicates, twitching of the ocular muscles is the main symptom of this condition. The eyelids may involuntarily open or close due to twitching. Spasms may persist for a day or even for weeks and months. Patients typically experience twitching in the lower rather than the upper eyelid.

Some of the other accompanying symptoms include sensitivity to light and blurred vision. Some patients may also experience persisting muscular spasms in the facial region.

Eyelid Twitching Causes

Some of the main causes of Eyelid Twitching are:

Stress

Stress or anxiety experienced by a person can often give rise to twitching or muscular spasms in the eyelid.

Strain

Prolonged strain on the eyes caused due to staring at a TV or computer screen may also result in twitching. This can especially occur if the person is watching the screen from a close distance or ignoring an eye correction (through glasses) for a long time.

Beverages

Intake of beverages, such as caffeine and alcohol, can also give rise to this problem.

Lack of nutrients

Absence of essential nutrients in the diet may also be a major cause of this syndrome.

Allergies

Allergies or infection of the eye can also lead to this symptom as well as other difficulties, such as ocular inflammation, redness and teary discharge from the eyes. The eyes may twitch severely and even close completely due to any type of irritation in the eye structures, such as the Cornea (the surface of the eye) or the Conjunctiva (membranes lining the eyelids).

Dry eyes

Over 50% of the older population suffers from dry eyes due to ageing. It is also quite common in individuals who use computers, wear contact lenses or use medicines like antidepressants or antihistamines. Dry eyes can be a major cause of twitching in the eyelids.

Brain Stimulants

Involuntary eyelid blinking may also occur as a side effect of certain brain stimulants like Adderall, Dexedrine and Ritalin. These are actually used as medications to boost concentration in children with ADHD. These drugs stimulate some regions of the brain that change the way the electrical impulses are transmitted through the nerves. This can ultimately result in uncontrolled movements of the upper and lower eyelids.

Exposure to extreme bright light

Bright light often aggravates the spasmodic activity of eyelids. Individuals who are highly sensitive to bright light may suffer from contraction of muscles in the upper eyelid. Repeated contraction can give rise to eyelid spasms. Naturally, people who are hypersensitive to bright light are advised to stay away from it.

Neurological Disorders

Spasms in the eyelid may also be associated to neurological conditions, such as:

Parkinson’s disease

This is a degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). It is marked by impaired muscular coordination and tremors.

Epilepsy

It is another condition of the central nervous system that is characterized by convulsions and loss of consciousness.

Tourette Syndrome

It is a neurological disease that gives rise to tics, facial grimaces, upper body movements, shouts, grunts and Coprolalia.

Eyelid Twitching Diagnosis

The condition is usually diagnosed by medical care providers if the symptoms become discomforting enough. If the spasms get more severe and lead to the closing of the eyes, medical conditions such as irritation of the conjunctiva or of the cornea can be the underlying problem. Patients describe this type of eyelid twitches as very uncomfortable and it also tends to persist much longer.

The diagnosis of this condition is mainly based on the neurological examination of the patient and considering his or her medical history. Sufferers are also asked about any other symptoms that they might be experiencing. This can help physicians differentiate the disease from any other similar condition.

Eyelid Twitching Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of this disorder involves ruling out other conditions that resemble this syndrome, such as:

• Hemi-facial spasm
• Ptosis
• Tics

Eyelid Twitching Treatment

In most cases, twitching of the eyelids is not regarded as a condition serious enough to need medical attention. However, patients should seek medical opinion if they find a worsening of the symptoms. If the spasms persist even after a week or if they cause complete closure of the eyes, an ophthalmologist should be consulted. Consultation is also necessary if twitching involves other areas of the face as well. People who experience inflammation, discharge or redness around the eye should visit an ocular specialist.

The treatment of this condition actually depends on the underlying problem. Doctors usually cure this syndrome with the help of home remedies and lifestyle modifications. If sleep and other remedies fail to bring about an improvement, doctors can inject Botox (Botulinum toxin) to provide patients with temporary relief from the spasms. Injections are especially useful for curing eye twitches arising due to chronic conditions like Blepharospasm or Hemifacial Spasm.

Lubricating the eyes with eye drops can also provide short-term relief from twitching. If twitches result from stress, healthcare providers may administer drugs to provide relief.

If eyelid spasms occur due to improper contact lenses, patients can go for a lens correction. People with dry eyes can use bifocal contact lenses that are built of material appropriate for them.

In extreme cases of eye spasms, doctors may prescribe eye drops or certain oral medications. If twitches are chronic and refuse to resolve despite treatment, a surgery known as Myectomy (involving excision of a muscle) may be conducted as a cure.

Eyelid Twitching Home Remedies

Some of the best home remedies for this condition are:

Eating bananas

Bananas are a rich source of essential minerals like potassium and zinc. These help boost the immune system and are effective in curing eyelid spasms.

Cucumber eye pads

Vegetables like cucumber or potato have a soothing effect for the eyes. Slice any of these vegetables and place a section on each of the eyes to provide them with a relaxing sensation.

Rose water application

Pour a small amount of rose water into a dish and soak a cotton pad into it. Wring the pad to shake off excess water and place it over the eyes to get a cool sensation.

Cold water splash

Splash clean, cold water into your eyes and face every now and then. This will make you fresh as well as help your eyes get relief from strain caused by prolonged staring.

Eyelid Twitching Prognosis

The outcome of this problem depends on the underlying cause or the particular type of the condition. In some cases, the condition generally stops after a week.

Eyelid Twitching Complications

The condition dues not usually involve any complications. In rare cases, however, an unrecognized trauma to the cornea may cause permanent eye injury. Eyelid Twitching that persists for a long duration needs to be treated at the earliest to avoid the onset of severe complications.

Eyelid Twitching Prevention

Here are some general preventive measures that you should use to avoid further complications of Eyelid Twitching or getting this disease altogether.

Get more sleep

Sleeping for a longer period can help provide your eyes with enough rest. This will reduce strain on your eyes.

Watch less TV

Spending less time before the television or computer screen can also alleviate eye strain and prevent muscular twitching.

Practice eye care exercises

Open and close your eyes slowly and rub your eyes in clockwise and anti-clockwise motion at a slow pace. These exercises are useful in providing relief to eyes that are straining due to overuse. Focusing on a distant object can also help.

Limit or avoid beverages

You should also restrict or completely avoid intake of beverages like tea, coffee or alcohol. This can help prevent the development of this eye condition or at least avoid aggravating of the symptoms.

Warm compress

Soak two small cotton pads into a bowl containing warm water. Wring the pads to get rid of the excess water and place them over the strained eyes. This will allow the heat to seep through the eyes and provide a relaxing sensation. Warm compress is often found to be highly effective in curing twitches, even though temporarily.

Make dietary modifications

Consume high amounts of foods that are rich in vitamins, potassium and b-complex. These are essential nutrients that help cure eyelid twitches. A balanced diet with plenty of carbohydrates, vitamins, fats and proteins is important for health. Increasing potassium intake is particularly effective in curing twitching sensations and dry eyes.

Upper Eyelid Twitching

The upper eyelid muscles are controlled by a collection of nerves that receive and transmit signals from the brain. Muscular movement takes place once the brain sends electrical signals to a particular destination through the nerve. Repeated uncontrolled contraction of the muscles of the lower or upper eyelid leads to twitching. Eyelid twitching is regarded as an ‘involuntary motion as the brain does not regulate it. Upper eyelid spasms are mainly caused due to interferences in the brain’s electrical activities. This can occur due to diverse factors, such as:

• Fatigue
• Stress
• Beverages
• Dry Eyes
• Eye Strain
• Brain Stimulants
• Extreme exposure to bright light

The problem may also result from an upper eyelid swelling. Inflammation of the upper eyelid can occur due to a blocked oil gland or a bacterial infection. The inflammation is exhibited as a type of small bump over the eyelid. It is frequently accompanied by uncontrolled spasms. According to a Chinese superstition, a twitch in the upper eyelid in women signifies financial loss.

In some cases, twitches are also accompanied by drooping of the upper eyelids.

Bottom Eyelid Twitching

This usually occurs due to lack of enough sleep. The best way to cure this problem is by taking adequate sleep. Patients of this condition need to take over 6 hours of sleep to get rid of twitches in the lower eyelids. While minor spasms in the lower eyelid or both eyelids are harmless, persisting ones need to be treated like any other muscular spasm. The affected muscles need to be relaxed and given proper rest. Long hours of sleep help relax the eye muscles. It also provides them with the much needed rest.

As per a Chinese superstition, twitches in the lower right eyelid are indicative of an impending good fortune.

Right Eyelid Twitching

A twitching in the right eye may persist from only a few seconds to even one or two days. In some cases, it can also last for over two days. If this happens, it may become a cause of concern and require medical intervention. There are various popular superstitions related with this syndrome. The Chinese believe that twitches in the right eye of men indicate good fortune or windfall while that in women suggests bad luck coming on the way. Nigerians and Indians also have similar superstitions.

Left Eyelid Twitching

Left Eyelid Twitching may result from various causes, such as

• Brain stimulants
• Stress
• Neurological disorders
• Beverages

The treatment aims at finding out the exact cause of the twitches. If any of these factors are found to lead to the problem, stopping that cause may help treat the condition. Much like twitches in the right eyelids, those in the left eyelids are also associated to various superstitions. In China, a twitching left eye in women is believed to lead to good luck. Indians and Nigerians also harbor similar beliefs.

If you are suffering from persistent eyelid twitching for several days, along with inflammation or redness, immediately get in touch with a professional medical care provider. This will help you get rid of the condition faster and prevent any more discomforts or complications in future.

References:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000756.htm

http://uppereyelid.net/twitching.html

http://health.msn.com/health-topics/vision/eyelid-twitching-causes-of-and-cure-for-eyelid-twitches

http://www.nerve.org/face_lift/eyelid_twitching.html

http://www.everydayhealth.com/vision-center/whats-causing-your-twitch.aspx

It is a brain cell dysfunction resulting from destruction of the myelin sheath or the layer that covers the nerve cells in the region of the brainstem known as the Pons. This is an acute neurological condition that is also referred to as “Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome”.

Central pontine myelinolysis Symptoms

Some of the main signs and symptoms of Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) are:

• Constipation
• Delirium
• Difficulties in swallowing
• Drowsiness or sleepiness
• Hallucinations
• Lethargy
• Loss of consciousness
• Mental confusion
• Muscle paralysis
• Poor diction
• Poor responses
• Problems in maintaining balance
• Reduced level of alertness
• Slurred speech
• Tremor
• Weakness in muscles in the arms, legs or face (generally affecting both sides of the human body)

Some patients also suffer from a condition in which they are actually conscious and aware but seem to be unresponsive. This is known as “locked in state”. This usually occurs due to damage to the myelin sheath that acts as a covering for the nerve cells. The myelin sheath damage interferes with the ability of the nerves to properly transmit signals to each other. It also reduces the ability of the nerves to communicate information with other cells.

It can also cause long term disabilities or even death. Many patients enter into a comatose state as a result of this damage. Most sufferers experience at least a few lingering effects due to the presence of this disorder.

Central pontine myelinolysis Causes

It is not clearly known how the myelin sheath damage occurs. However, changes in sodium levels can lead to rapid movement of fluids in and out of the myelin sheath. This can give rise to damages in the myelin.

The condition commonly results from a rapid increase in the sodium levels of the human body. A rapid rise often occurs in patients who are being treated for Hyponatremia, a condition characterized by low sodium in bloodstream. Doctors infuse Hyponatremia patients with salts to restore the balance of sodium in their body. If this is carried out very fast, patients may suffer from CPM. This is particularly true in cases where low level of sodium persists for two or more days. Occasionally, it may also occur when medications quickly decrease sodium levels in patients of Hypernatremia, a condition marked by too much sodium in the bloodstream. Bringing down sodium levels too fast may cause damage to the myelin sheath in the Pons.

Central Pontine Myelinolysis Risk Factors

This disease does not arise on its own. It usually arises as a complication of treatments designed to address conditions or due to the conditions themselves. The risk factors for this disease include:

• Alcoholism
• Anorexia
• Burn injuries
• Bulimia
• Dehydration
• Liver disease
• Malnutrition from acute disorders

Central pontine myelinolysis Diagnosis

A head MRI scan is the main diagnostic examination for this problem. It can display a problem in the Pons area of the brainstem.

Other tests may involve:

• Blood tests
• Examination of sodium levels in the bloodstream
• Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans can also be used to detect sure signs of brain damage resulting from CPM. Such diagnostic tests may help reveal problems like confusion, abnormal reflexes and involvement of all four limbs (Spastic Quadriplegia). It can also indicate weakness of muscles in the face, legs and arms (Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome).

Central pontine myelinolysis Treatment

There is no known treatment for this condition. Curative approach mainly focuses on providing supportive care to relieve symptoms and involves:

• Physical therapy – It involves administering ventilator support to patients to help them breathe. It may help people affected with CPM maintain mobility, muscle strength and function in weakened limbs.
• Language therapy – If patients are unable to speak, developing alternative communication modes can be a good curative method.
• Alternative diet – If patients cannot eat, providing them with supplementary nutrition can be effective in managing the condition.

While some patients may retain their capability and achieve progress from this brain injury during recovery, others may need permanent hospitalization or personal assistance for survival. This is an emergency condition and requires immediate diagnosis and medical treatment. In some cases, patients may have to be hospitalized on an immediate basis. However, most people affected by this disorder are already admitted to hospitals due to the presence of some other condition.

Central pontine myelinolysis Prognosis

The condition usually gives rise to long-term nerve damage as well as chronic cases of disability. Overall, the disease is found to have a poor prognosis. The degree of recovery actually depends on the actual number of axons that are damaged.

Most patients with CPM manage to survive even though some of them die. One-third of surviving patients recovers gradually; one-third lives independently but with disabilities and one-third is found to survive with severe disabilities. Permanent disabilities can vary from small tremors and ataxia to more acute brain damages like Locked-in syndrome and Spastic quadriparesis. Once the condition stabilizes, some patients show improvements during the first several months.

Central pontine myelinolysis Complications

If not treated in time, this condition may give rise to various complications like

• Reduced ability to work or take care of self or others
• Lowered ability to communicate with others
• Inability to move about, control muscles or perform any activity other than blinking eyes (known as “Locked in” Syndrome)
• Permanent damage to the nervous system

Central pontine myelinolysis Prevention

There are no specific measures that can help one prevent this condition. However, it has been advocated that avoiding rapid change of sodium levels can help one avoid this disorder. Slow and controlled treatment of low levels of sodium may lessen the risk of nerve damage in the brain region known as the Pons. It may also help being aware of how certain drugs can change sodium levels too quickly.

As this is a rare disorder in general, medical researchers do not have an idea on when patients should seek medical treatment. However, it is ideal to seek medical attention at the first signs of difficulties like muscular weakness, tremors or slurred speech. Even if the underlying condition is not Central Pontine Myelinolysis, medical assistance can be useful in averting other complicated syndromes.

References:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001779/

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1174329-overview

http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/76/5/559.full.pdf

http://patients.aan.com/disorders/index.cfm?event=view&disorder_id=875

Coffin Siris Syndrome is a very rare genetic health disorder. There have been 31 recorded cases of this syndrome up until 1991. Since then, many more people have been reported to be affected by this syndrome and the number has gone up to around 80.

This syndrome causes delay in the development of human body and also the absence of the fifth finger and toe-nails.

Coffin Siris Syndrome Synonyms

Coffin Siris Syndrome is also known as:

• Fifth Digit Syndrome
• Dwarfism-Onychodysplasia
• Short Stature-Onychodysplasia
• Mental Retardation with Hypoplastic 5th Fingernails and Toenails

Coffin Siris Syndrome Symptoms

This genetic syndrome may be evident at the time of birth. Following are some of the symptoms of this disorder.

Common Symptoms

• Short fifth fingers and toes with underdeveloped (hypoplastic) or absent nails
• Feeding difficulties in newborns
• Low birth weight
• Frequent respiratory infections in infants
• Delay in maturity of bones during childhood
• Hypotonia
• Mental deficiency
• Joint laxity
• Global Developmental Delay
• Coarseness of facial features like wide mouth, wide nose and thick eyebrows and eyelashes
• Microcephaly
• Elbow dislocation
• Small patellae
• Sparse scalp hair
• Hirsuitism
• Small head
• Reduced muscle tone
• Flat nasal bridge
• Small patellae
• Absence of terminal phalanges

Rare Symptoms

• Preauricular skin tag
• Drooping upper eyelid
• Eyes close together
• Choanal atresia
• Hemangioma
• Short sternum
• Umbilical and Inguina hernia
• Patent ductus arteriosus
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Gastric ulcer
• Neonatal intussusception
• Dandy-Walker anomaly of brain
• Ectopic kidney
• Renal anomalies
• Short forearm
• Aberrant pulmonary vein
• Atrial septal defect
• Ventricular and Atrial septal defect

Coffin Siris Syndrome Causes

Autosomal recessive inheritance (genetic inheritance) is the most common cause of this syndrome. However, autosomal dominant (occurring at random) and sporadic mutation (having one mutant gene causing the syndrome) cases have also been recorded.

Coffin Siris Syndrome Demographics

More than 50 people are recorded to be affected by this syndrome at present. Females are more prone to this condition than males. The female-male ratio of this disease is 3:1. The parents and siblings of an affected child can be perfectly healthy and free from this syndrome.

Coffin Siris Syndrome Diagnosis

The diagnosis of this syndrome is done based upon different clinical findings as no laboratory tests can accurately confirm this disorder. It can be best indicated by the x-ray of the hand revealing the missing fifth finger bones. Neonatal ultrasounds can be used to understand the abnormal formation of kidney and other organs which may indicate the presence of this disease. However, the presence of these symptoms alone does not confirm the presence of this syndrome. Definitive diagnosis of the Coffin Siris Syndrome is difficult due to its rarity, variability and wide range of symptoms.

Coffin Siris Syndrome Parental Diagnosis

No tests can accurately diagnose this syndrome during pregnancy due to its indefinite causes. There are no specific antenatal ultrasound scan findings to make a diagnosis.

Coffin Siris Syndrome Treatment

The treatment of the Coffin Siris Syndrome in children may vary depending on the different symptoms present in the patient. However, no treatment can completely cure the Coffin Siris Syndrome. In some cases, surgery is required to cure some malfunctions caused by this disorder. These include cleft palate repair surgery and various renal and cardiac surgeries. Affected children may also require special education and speech therapy depending on their developmental delay and mental retardation. The patient should keep regular contact with pediatricians and other health professionals who will be able to identify and treat different symptoms at an early stage.

Coffin Siris Syndrome Life Expectancy

The patients of Coffin Siris Syndrome usually have reasonably long life expectancy. However, it depends on the severity of different symptoms in an individual. The lifestyle of a patient varies largely according to the level of mental and physical development.

Coffin Siris Syndrome is an incurable disease; however, proper treatment helps a patient to live a reasonably long life. Early medical attention is important for treating this disorder.

References:

http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/coffin-siris-syndrome#treatmentandmanagement

http://www.cafamily.org.uk/medicalinformation/conditions/azlistings/c46_6.html

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/c/coffin_siris_syndrome/symptoms.htm

http://children.webmd.com/coffin-siris-syndrome

It is a bone disorder that is characterized by various abnormalities such as development of fibrous (scar-like) tissues in place of normal, healthy bone. The condition is usually detected in adolescents and young adults.

The condition is regarded as a developmental disease of maxilla that involves formation of immaturely woven bone from abnormal fibrous tissue.

Fibrous Dysplasia Types

This bone disease is categorized into two types:

Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia

In this condition, only one bone is affected due to deposition of scar tissues. Around 70% cases of FD are of this type.

Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia

This condition affects more than one bone. It is frequently associated with McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS), which is its most severe form, and may result in early puberty or skin lesions along with Bone Dysplasia.

Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia

It is a type of FD that, as the name suggests, involves the bones of the skull and facial region. These bones are affected in up to 10-15% cases of Monostotic FD and around 50% cases of Polyostotic FD. Craniofacial FD is usually characterized by:

• Facial deformity
• Cranial asymmetry
• Proptosis
• Unilateral blindness or visual impairment
• Nasal stuffiness

Fibrous Dysplasia Of Mandible

It is an abnormal manifestation of Monostotic FD that is generally benign in nature. It arises in young adults and is characterized by pain in bone and in worse cases, intraoral exposure of bone. It is successfully managed by reconstruction, resection, debridement or curettage. In many cases however, immediate reconstruction and total excision is found to offer the best results.

Fibrous Dysplasia Symptoms

Usually, individuals affected by monostotic type of this disease do not exhibit any symptoms. Symptoms may occur when multiple bones are affected. In such cases, the main symptoms of Fibrous Dysplasia are:

• Growth of fibrous tissues instead of bones
• Thinning of bones
• Development of lesions or sores in single or multiple bones
• Formation of scars within the bone
• Progressive weakness in scarred bone, causing
• Pain in bone
• Problems in endocrine gland
• Abnormal skin pigmentation

This condition primarily affects bones in regions like ribs, face and skull. Tibia, femur, pelvic bones and the humerus of the upper arm are also affected by this disorder. Usually, the problems start to develop in early childhood, often before the age of ten. Patients may also have difficulties in walking if the tibia or the pelvic or thigh bones are involved. Bones scarred and affected by this condition are highly susceptible to fractures or deformities. Fortunately, the development of new lesions on bones may stop once a child attains puberty.

Fibrous Dysplasia Causes

The condition results from a mutation in a gene known as GNAS1, which is found to be active in cells of the bone. The mutation leads the bone cells to deposit fibrous tissue instead of healthy bones. However, this is not a hereditary disease. Unlike many other genetic conditions, the mutation in this case happens in a spontaneous manner during fetal development.

Fibrous Dysplasia Diagnosis

The initial diagnosis of fibrous bone dysplasia is generally conducted by depending on the symptoms exhibited, such as recurrent bone fractures and bone pain. Medical imaging tests like MRI scans and X-rays can confirm the diagnosis and exactly identify the location of affected bone tissue. These may also help diagnose any bone deformities that may have developed.

If patients are suspected of endocrine disorders, they may be screened as needed.

Fibrous Dysplasia Treatment

Presently, there is an absence of any complete curative method for this condition. This is seen as a chronic, progressive disease without any treatment. However, certain medical procedures are adopted to provide FD sufferers with relief from the extremely discomforting symptoms arising due to this disease.

In case patients are suspected of this disorder but do not exhibit any symptoms, they have to undergo regular check-ups. This will help diagnose of any early signs of bone deformity. In such events, cure is unnecessary unless the symptoms of the disorder begin to arise.

Treatment for Fibrous dysplasia involves use of both medications and surgical methods.

Fibrous Dysplasia Medications

FD is usually treated with drugs like Alendronate and Pamidronate. These are available in the market under the brand names Fosamax and Aredia. The medicines increase bone density in some patients and maintain healthy bone tissue. Most sufferers take these medications orally. Individuals who are found to suffer from gastrointestinal irritation due to oral intake of the drugs are administered with intravenous injections of the same.

Fibrous Dysplasia Surgery

Surgical treatment for this disorder involves repairing severe cracks and fractures in bone and correction of bone deformities. Deformities in bone may also be prevented by internally stabilizing vulnerable bones with the aid of metal support structures like plates and screws. However, surgical intervention is less frequently needed for correcting this condition.

Fibrous Dysplasia Prognosis

The outcome of this disorder depends on the seriousness of the condition as well as the symptoms that arise in patients. Generally, the prognosis is found to be good. However, results are often found to be poor in younger patients as well as those suffering from polyostotic forms of the condition. There is low risk of the disease undergoing a malignant transformation in future.

Fibrous Dysplasia Pictures

Here are some useful Fibrous Dysplasia images that will provide you with visual reference about the condition. Check out these pictures of Fibrous Dysplasia to know how bone deformities associated with this disorder appear to view.

Picture 1 – Fibrous Dysplasia

Picture 2 – Fibrous Dysplasia Photo

Fibrous Dysplasia Foundation

Also known as The FD Foundation, it is a worldwide, non-profit organization that works as a support group for Fibrous Dysplasia sufferers. This charitable establishment comprises of volunteers who aim to provide information, support and advocacy to FD patients, healthcare providers and the general public. The organization also promotes research for the diagnosis and cure for FD and MAS as well as other associated conditions like Cherubism.

If you find your child developing symptoms of this disorder such as unexplained bone deformity and repeated bone fractures, do not panic. Get in touch with a professional healthcare provider and get expert guidance regarding diagnosis and treatment. The earlier you seek medical attention, the faster will your child be able to achieve recovery.

References:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002214/

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/389714-overview

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/fibrous-dysplasia/DS00991

http://radiopaedia.org/articles/craniofacial-fibrous-dysplasia